近期出现频率较高的iBT阅读试题汇总【无老师系列】

marsupial（有袋动物）

说o动物是marsupial（有袋动物）的一种，然后说marsupial跟一般动物的不一样，主要是在生理结构上，然后说marsupial is primitive（原始简单的）,（有题，问为什么 except).然后文章说了很久很久以前，大陆都是连到一起的，然后分开之后，marsupial在美洲竞争不过其他动物了，所以只有澳洲的marsupial很flourish,那么美洲的呢？说南美和北美再次连接起来之后，很多食肉动物南下，把marsupial都吃了。然后说o动物很奇特，跟其他marsupial不一样，所以他才可以留在美洲大陆，然后说很多人觉得o动物不进化，但是事实证明他是最近才来到北美的，然后说o动物适应能力好，什么都吃，人扔的垃圾都吃，所以他活下来了。

威尼斯的盐业

说威尼斯的盐事业，说威尼斯本来自己产盐，跟另外一个城市竞争，但是威尼斯的盐是细盐，要粗盐还要进口，另外自然灾害来了，那个威尼斯专门产盐的地方被端了，所以他只能进口了（有两项选择）。然后说没想到，威尼斯做盐贸易作发财了，然后越做越好，盐的贸易刺激了其他产品的买卖，然后还说政府制定一些规定，说政府虽然不拥有盐，但是管理盐，跟中国不一样（有题，问中国什么样）然后威尼斯就很牛了，开始跟其他国家签合同，说你们只能卖我的，不能卖别人的，（有词汇题， stipulate规定，约定)然后还在海上查岗，跟海上警察一样。）

地核物质成分

讨论地核物质成分，科学家根据地震波传导的快慢，确定了地核的成分与地表的成分不同。然后科学家发现火山爆发出来的物质有钻石，证明地球深层是一个高温高压的环境，因为钻石只能在这种情况下产生。然后来了一段很长的，TMD,如果他分开好了。说根据陨石里面的材料来判定地核的材料。因为科学家可以估计地核的密度，如果发现陨石的密度与地核密度差不多，很有可能他们的element（元素成份）是相同的。有一道题目问地核的构成物质最多是什么，有iron, silicon（硅）,还有两个忘记了。

玛雅文明

玛雅文明在公元前900年后的发展, 主要几个region原来是独立的，后来就有融合了，但又不是完全融合，有自己的特点。

生物适应性

主要介绍了沙漠中的动植物是如何适应极端环境的。首先说了沙漠最大的问题就是缺水，如何适应这种缺水环境就是各种动植物存活的关键。然后说了植物是如何适应缺水环境的：有些是周期性植物，只在湿度较高时才生长；常年生长的植物采取另一些办法，例如，叶子表面产生一层蜡质，减少水分蒸发；有些叶子成了刺；有些的根系特别发达；等等。然后，另起一段将动物是如何适应的：产生高盐度的尿液，调整呼吸，等等。随后，还对比了在沙漠和在极地生活的同一种动物的异同。

defense system防御机制

生物学：植物的defense system，以及科学家为证实 defense system对于 deter animal feeding on them有很大的用处。有一道题是，食草东西虽然吃他们的种子，却也帮助他们传播和繁殖。

modification of weather

多年来人们一直努力改变天气。最初是发现一战期间，降雨增多（可能与武器使用有关），美国农业部开始试验。后来 1946 年，有个员工发现干冰能让 supercooled water become snow particles.文章给 supercool 下了定义就是低于零度但是还没有结冰。于是人们开始用 dry ice和 silver iodide来进行人工降雨。其原理就是 dry ice makes the moisture freeze into ice particles and the surrounding moisture freeze around it.也就是为降雨提供了凝结核。后来文章说有人担心这样下去会使地面水体的含银量增高，但是调查并没有显示这个说法。这种 cloud seeding 办法继续发展，用别的物质替代干冰。但是很多人 concern 这种办法，会对 local 的环境带来影响，但是并无定论。

亚历山大帝国覆灭后的发展

亞歷山大大帝之後，他的王國分裂為三個，然後又被羅馬人統治了（有道題問，在亞歷山大帝國覆滅後，由哪個勢力統治）下面，又講尼羅河埃及的發展~~~其中的Greece創造了一種文明，不好意思單詞忘了，有點複雜。文章講述了文明的發生，影響。由於涉及到一些歷史人物和位址，單詞怪怪的，不過題目不是很困難。

Alexander the Great’s empire

In 338 B.C., Philip II of Macedonia conquered the Greek city-states. His son, Alexander the Great, succeeded him in 336 B.C.

Until his death in 323 B.C., Alexander expanded his empire through conquests of much of the civilized world from Egypt to the Indus River . Alexander helped spread Greek ideas and the Greek way of life into all the lands he conquered.

After Alexander died, his empire was divided among his generals. They continued to preserve Greek culture.

No one succeeded Alexander the Great in the rule of his vast empire. His leading generals became governors of various areas and fought among themselves for control of the empire.

By 300 B.C., Alexander's empire had split into a number of independent states. The three most powerful states were led by Alexander's generals Antigonus, Ptolemy托勒密, and Seleucus.

Alexandria became Egypt 's capital, and its magnificent library and museum helped make the city one of the greatest cultural centers of ancient times.

Entomology（昆虫学）

蜜蜂的沟通模式

讲小蜜蜂。分为 honeybee和worker bee。讲了honeybee是怎麽寻找蜜源和如何告诉同伴蜜源的位置的。开头先说蜜蜂和 termite 与很多 Species 不同，他们是 social。蜜蜂是一个是由社会分工合作的动物（有题问他们有什麽共同点），交流因此就变得很重要（有题）。然後科学家们就开始用他们的聪明才智研究小蜜蜂了。开始以为是honeybee是靠scent交流，然後某德国科学家研究发现 scout 用舞蹈来告诉工蜂蜜源的远近，远的用八字舞，近的用圆圈舞。他因此获得炸药奖。交流的内容靠跳 8 字舞或者 circle 区别 distance，而不是食物的类别（有题）。原来发现蜜蜂找到窝以後跳舞是指示food type，後来发现 more than that。跳舞还指示出了direction and distance。跳舞分两种一种是 nectar dance 另一种 pollen dance，有一道题问这个的，nectar 是跳圆圈舞，pollen 是跳 8 字舞。但是一直有科学家怀疑这个说法直到 1989 年，一些科学家为了验证他的理论做了 machine bees 模仿 scout，就是不去有食物处（这里有考题问机器蜜蜂和其他小蜜蜂有什麽不同），发现 robot使用这些动作果然可以向工蜂有效传递资讯。采蜜只是跳舞来做一些指示。最後发现了小蜜蜂带回来的资讯和 wind 无关（这里有考题问 except 的问题，其他选项是 direction, distance 还有一个忘了）

Bees

Flowers provide food for bees. The bees collect tiny grains of pollen and a sweet liquid called nectar from the blossoms they visit. They make honey from the nectar, and use both honey and pollen as food.

During their food-gathering flights, bees spread pollen from one flower to another, thus pollinating (fertilizing) the plants they visit. This enables the plants to reproduce.

The honey bee colony

A typical honey bee colony is made up of one queen, tens of thousands of workers, and a few hundred drones.

Honey bees live in hives. The hive is a storage space, such as a hollow tree or a box, which contains a honeycomb. The honeycomb is a mass of six-sided compartments called cells.

Worker bees build the honeycomb of wax produced by their bodies. The wax oozes through small pores (holes) in the body and forms tiny white flakes on the outside of the abdomen.

They also collect a sticky substance bee glue, from certain kinds of trees.

The body of the honey bee

A bee has five eyes-three small ones that form a triangle on top of its head, and a large compound eye on each side of its head.

Honey bees were the first insects known to be able to distinguish colors. Bees have three kinds of color-sensitive cells in their eyes. These visual cells are especially sensitive to blue, yellow, and ultraviolet rays, which humans cannot see.

The sting of a worker bee is straight, with barbs (hooks) on it. When the bee thrusts the sting into flesh, the barbs hold tight, and the stinger pulls out of the bee's body.

补充： ANIMAL 动物分类词汇：

Darvinism 达尔文学说 natural selection 自然选择 class 纲 order 目 family 科 genus 属 suborder 亚目 species 种 invertebrate 无脊椎动物 vertebrate 脊椎动物 aquatic( life) 水生动物 reptile 爬行动物 amphibian (amphibious animal) 两栖动物 dinosaur 恐龙 bird 鸟类 extinction 灭绝 mammal 哺乳动物 primates 灵长目动物 insect 昆虫 antenna (复数 antennae) 触须 larva 幼虫，幼体 camouflage 伪装 pest 害虫 worm 虫，蠕虫 hibernate 冬眠 lizard 蜥蜴 chameleon 变色蜥蜴 regeneration 再生 turtle 龟 beast 野兽 domesticate 驯养 predatory (carnivorous ) 食肉的 predator 捕食者 prey （动词）捕食（名词）被捕食的动物 scavenger 食腐动物 migrate 迁移 wing 翅膀，翼 bill （鸟）嘴 beak （鹰等的）嘴 nest 筑巢 dolphin 海豚 whale 鲸鱼 bat 蝙蝠 gorilla 大猩猩 chimpanzee 黑猩猩 habitat 栖息地 rodent 啮齿动物（如松鼠） primate 灵长动物 plankton 浮游生物 mollusk 软体动物 coelenterate 腔肠动物（如珊瑚） shrimp 小虾 prawn 对虾 lobster 对虾 crab 螃蟹 clam 蛤蜊 sponge 海绵 coral 珊瑚 starfish 海星 canary 金丝雀 chirp (鸟，虫的叫声)唧唧 squeak （老鼠等）吱吱 porpoise 海豚 sloth 树懒 slothful 懒惰的 hygiene 卫生 sanitation 卫生 parasite 寄生虫 moth 蛾 caterpillar 毛虫 hordes (昆虫等)群 swarms (昆虫等)群 flock （鸟，羊等）群 community 动物的群落或人的部落 herd 兽群 bunch （花等）束，捧 beaver 海狸 monogamous 一夫一妻的，一雄一雌的 polygamous一夫多妻的，一雄多雌的 polyandrous 一妻多夫的，一雌多雄的 trapper 诱捕动物者 rhinoceros 犀牛 niche 小生态环境 vestige 退化器官，遗迹 oyster 牡蛎 fertilizer 使…受精 larvae 幼虫 tentacle 触角 homotherm 恒温动物 poikilotherm 变温动物 metabolism 新陈代谢 baboon 狒狒 breed (名词)品种，（动词）繁殖 multiply （reproduce）繁殖 hatch 孵 spawn (鱼、虾、蛙等)孵 offspring (young) 後代 anatomy 解剖学 appetite 食欲 creature 生物 microbe 微生物 herbivorous 食草的 carnivorous 食肉的 omnivorous 杂事的天文学Astronomy:星体的形成星体的形成：

how stars originated. first son exploded to dust and gas, stars accumulate the gas and crust , that's why some planets are alike. other planet differ...

补充知识： STARS A star develops from a giant, slowly rotating cloud that consists almost entirely of the chemical elements hydrogen and helium.

Due to the force of its own gravity, the cloud begins to collapse inward, thereby becoming smaller. As the cloud shrinks, it rotates more and more rapidly, just as spinning ice skaters turn more rapidly when they pull in their arms.

Stars are balls of gas that shine or used to shine because of nuclear fusion in their cores.

The most familiar star is the Sun. The nuclear fusion in stars produces a force that pushes the material in a star outward. However, the gravitational attraction of the star’s material for itself pulls the material inward.

A star can remain stable as long as the outward pressure and gravitational force balance.

Astronomers study stars by measuring their brightness or, with more difficulty, their distances from Earth. They measure the “color” of a star—the differences in the star’s brightness from one part of the spectrum to another—to determine its temperature.

They also study the spectrum of a star’s light to determine not only the temperature, but also the chemical makeup of the star’s outer layers.

Stellar evolution The Sun is a type of star known as a main-sequence star. Eventually, main-sequence stars such as the Sun swell into giant stars and then evolve into tiny, dense, white dwarf stars. Main-sequence stars and giants have a role in the behavior of most variable stars and novas. A star much more massive than the Sun will become a supergiant star, then explode as a supernova. A supernova may leave behind a neutron star or a black hole.